面向规划管理的国外国家公园监测体系研究及启示——以美国、加拿大、英国为例

监测对于国家公园的科学保护管理与规划具有重要意义。中国正处于国家公园体制建设初期,有必要深入研究如何建立国家公园监测体系。以近20年来发展迅速的美国、加拿大和英国的国家公园监测体系为研究对象,基于文献调查和比较分析,从监测内容框架与指标、数据管理与转化、组织和保障3个方面梳理在各自资源与管理背景下国家公园监测体系的基本特点,并提取出面向规划管理的国家公园监测体系建设的16个基本要点,为我国提供借鉴和启示。     

断层破碎带在渗流作用下应力特征及控制

采用瞬变电磁仪对回风巷穿越断层破碎带的现场水文情况进行探测,获取区域地下水在巷道两帮集聚导致低阻异常区存在的水文特征。建立了回风巷赋水断层三维流固耦合力学模型,模拟分析了断层破碎带在动压及渗流作用下的应力分布及变形特征。研究结果表明:孔隙水压力集中区和巷道两帮压应力集中区具有一致性,随着与断层距离的减小,双场集中区中区由两帮向顶角处转移;回风巷围岩变形失稳概括为3个阶段:即,两帮压密顶底板产生张拉裂隙阶段;地下水向巷道渗透及围岩软化阶段;围岩变形持续增大阶段。为控制回风巷进一步变形,提出了对两帮及底板进行注浆加固的方案。     

增进城市地区生物多样性——以新加坡模式为例

自 1963 年以来,新加坡开展实施了绿化计划,并经历了从“花园城市”到“花园中的亲生态城市”的演变。为了在新加坡实现生物多样性保护,国家公园局制定了自然保护蓝图,重点介绍该规划实施的关键是利用技术创新。新加坡城市生物多样性指数是一种评价生物多样性成效的自我评估工具,已在全球范围内的多个城市得到应用。     

声发射在线监测酸性环境下油气管材腐蚀研究综述

高含H2S或特高含H2S气藏越来越多投入开发利用,给油气管材带来的腐蚀问题受到极大关注。声发射(AE)是一种无损在线监测技术,具有在酸性环境下在线监测油气管材腐蚀的潜在应用。在前人研究的基础上,综述了声发射在线监测腐蚀的原理以及从声发射波形信号中能提取到的与酸性环境下油气管材腐蚀相关的计数、绝对能量(ABS)、累计能量、上升时间/幅度(RA)、平均频率(AVG frequency)以及振幅分布值b值等参数,并基于这些参数对气泡破裂、点蚀以及腐蚀裂纹产生等过程、腐蚀类型识别以及腐蚀源定位进行了综合分析。声发射在线监测技术在一定程度上能够有效识别酸性环境下油气管材腐蚀过程、类型以及定位腐蚀源,从而提高腐蚀检出能力。声发射在线监测技术对酸性环境下油气管道腐蚀防护与监测具有重要意义。     

胶东玲珑金矿田深部钻孔揭露招平断裂带及其意义

玲珑金矿田位于胶东隆起区,著名的招(远)—平(度)金成矿带的北端。文章以野外调查和已有资料为基础,重点剖析研究区深部钻孔资料,对比研究招平断裂带北段地质特征、蚀变带特征、控矿构造特征,取得了一定的新认识。最新研究成果表明:九曲蒋家断裂带和破头青断裂带属同期构造、同一性质成矿流体、壳幔混合的中低温热液矿床,均为招平断裂带北段的分支控矿断裂带;通过对比含矿碎裂岩带宽度和探获金资源量,证实九曲蒋家断裂带规模及含矿性均强于破头青断裂带,九曲蒋家断裂带为招平断裂带北段最主要控矿断裂。九曲蒋家断裂带深部是今后重点找矿方向,本文按地质可靠程度圈定了5处预测区,共预测Au金属量约1200t。     

基于物联网的地质灾害自动化实时监测体系设计与实践

通过物联网技术实现地质灾害各监测要素的物物相连,实现前端报警、无线互联互通功能,建立地质灾害监测预警平台,实现专业监测数据具备部、省、市、县四级信息互联互通的功能实时共享;使监测预警信息实时发送至隐患点防灾责任人、监测责任人和监测人,以指导一线防灾工作高效开展;并在自贡市荣县一匹山崩塌预警过程中取得了重要成效,具有很强的参考价值。     

Continuous monitoring of the dynamic behavior of a high‐rise telecommunications tower

This article describes the experimental evaluation of the dynamic effects induced by wind on a high‐rise telecommunications tower based on a permanent monitoring system. Monte da Virgem telecommunications tower is located near the city of Porto (Portugal), and its structure consists in a reinforced concrete shaft and a steel mast, with a total height of 177 m. The monitoring system includes accelerometers, anemometers, and a meteorological station, allowing the characterization of the maximum accelerations of the structure and wind regimes during a period of 6 months. The analysis of the results enabled identifying specific events, denominated as critical events, for which the dynamic response of the tower under wind actions appears significantly amplified due to wind aeroelastic instability phenomena in the steel mast. The automatic identification of the critical events was based on the application to the acceleration's records of an autoregressive model and estimation of its optimal order number based on a singular value decomposition. The results proved the robustness and efficiency of the proposed technique in identifying the number, duration, and maximum amplitude of accelerations associated to the critical events, envisaging its potential integration in structural health monitoring systems.     

Hydromorphological,hydraulic and ecological effects of restored wood: findings and reflections from an academic partnership approach

Large wood (re)introduction can deliver multiple benefits in river restoration, but there is a dearth of the detailed and longer‐term post‐project monitoring and evaluation required for improving best practice. We present findings from an academic partnership approach to post‐project evaluation, based on successive MSc research projects on restored large wood in the Loddon catchment, UK. Field and modelling data reveal: (i) key differences in large wood features between restored and natural reaches; (ii) increased hydraulic retention and changes to mesohabitats associated with large wood; (iii) differences in macroinvertebrate community composition around large wood but a lack of site‐level effects; (iv) interactions between macrophytes and large wood that may be specific to restored reaches; (v) a need for further field and modelling studies to inform the accurate representation of large wood in hydraulic models. Some key challenges in partnership working are identified to aid planning and effectiveness of future collaborations.     

机电液系统转速波动分量Vold-Kalman时变滤波提取方法

机电液系统的转速波动信号蕴含着丰富的系统运行状态信息,从该转速波动信号中通常可以观测到多个波动源的耦合现象。针对磁电式转速传感器输出的方波信号中转速波动分量的特征提取问题,提出了基于Vold-Kalman时变滤波的转速波动分量提取方法。首先利用采样点计数测速算法获得变转速泵控液压马达系统的瞬时转速信号;其次,结合短时傅立叶变换和二值细化处理得到的瞬时频率估计曲线作为中心频率,构造了基于转速波动信号特征模型的结构方程和数据方程;最后通过最小二乘滤波和PCG法求解,实现了转速波动分量时域波形的提取。实验结果表明:该方法能有效地提取变转速泵控马达系统中由柱塞马达输出轴转频及减速箱输出轴转频引起的转速波动,为机电液系统的状态监测和运行可靠性分析提供了新方法。     

基于故障树自动建造的线控转向系统的可靠性分析

电动汽车采用线控转向(Steering By Wire,SBW)系统会导致汽车转向可靠性的降低。采用故障树自动建造的方法,对SBW系统结构与部件的正常运行和失效模式进行规范化描述并建立标准件库,采用拖拽的方式搭建标准的故障树。故障树自动建造完成后,基于故障树对SBW系统进行可靠性定量分析,结果表明:故障树法可以迅速找出系统的薄弱环节,在系统优化设计基础上,提高了SBW系统的可靠性。